As mentioned in my Ubuntu 16.04 and Drupal 7 article, the Ubuntu 16 LTS version has some nice upgrades, including PHP 7, MySQL 5.7, Nginx 1.10, Apache 2.4.18, and MariaDB 10.0.x. Let’s see if we can make it work with Nginx, PHP-FPM, MariaDB, and Drupal 8, using the Redis key-value store as the backend cache instead of Drupal’s cache tables. The procedure is largely the same as before, with a few differences for the new Drupal version.
Ubuntu 16.04 Packages and Version Numbers, July 2016
root@ubuntu:/# apt-cache madison nginx
nginx | 1.10.0-0ubuntu0.16.04.2 | http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 Packages
nginx | 1.10.0-0ubuntu0.16.04.2 | http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main i386 Packages
nginx | 1.10.0-0ubuntu0.16.04.2 | http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security/main amd64 Packages
nginx | 1.10.0-0ubuntu0.16.04.2 | http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security/main i386 Packages
nginx | 1.9.15-0ubuntu1 | http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 Packages
nginx | 1..9.15-0ubuntu1 | http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main i386 Packages
root@ubuntu:/# apt-cache madison php
php | 1:7.0+35ubuntu6 | http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 Packages
php | 1:7.0+35ubuntu6 | http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main i386 Packages
root@ubuntu:/# apt-cache madison mariadb-server
mariadb-server | 10.0.25-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 | http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/universe amd64 Packages
mariadb-server | 10.0.25-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 | http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/universe i386 Packages
mariadb-server | 10.0.25-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 | http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security/universe amd64 Packages
mariadb-server | 10.0.25-0ubuntu0.16.04.1 | http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security/universe i386 Packages
mariadb-server | 10.0.24-7 | http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/universe amd64 Packages
mariadb-server | 10.0.24-7 | http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/universe i386 Packages
root@ubuntu:/# apt-cache madison mysql-server
mysql-server | 5.7.12-0ubuntu1.1 | http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 Packages
mysql-server | 5.7.12-0ubuntu1.1 | http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main i386 Packages
mysql-server | 5.7.12-0ubuntu1 | http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security/main amd64 Packages
mysql-server | 5.7.12-0ubuntu1 | http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security/main i386 Packages
mysql-server | 5.7.11-0ubuntu6 | http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main amd64 Packages
mysql-server | 5.7.11-0ubuntu6 | http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/main i386 Packages
root@ubuntu:/# apt-cache madison redis-server
redis-server | 2:3.0.6-1 | http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/universe amd64 Packages
As of Drupal 7.50 and Drupal 8, Drupal’s issues with PHP 7 have been fixed, although WordPress may still have issues using certain themes or plugins. If you’re concerned about this you can use Ondřej Surý’s PPA to install PHP 5.6 instead:
root@ubuntu:/# add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php root@ubuntu:/# apt-get update root@ubuntu:/# apt-get install php5.6
Set Up Nginx, MariaDB, and PHP-FPM
root@ubuntu:/# apt-get install nginx php mariadb-server
This installs PHP-FPM automatically. Next we need to install a MariaDB-compatible PHP database connector, and some PHP extensions for Drupal:
root@ubuntu:/# apt-get install php-gd php-xml php-mysqli
PHP 7 on Ubuntu 16.04 includes the Zend OPcache:
root@ubuntu:/# php -v
PHP 7.0.4-7ubuntu2 (cli) ( NTS )
Copyright (c) 1997-2016 The PHP Group
Zend Engine v3.0.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2016 Zend Technologies
with Zend OPcache v7.0.6-dev, Copyright (c) 1999-2016, by Zend Technologies
Set a root password for MariaDB:
root@ubuntu:/# mysql -uroot
MariaDB [(none)]> use mysql;
Database changed
MariaDB [mysql]> UPDATE user SET PASSWORD=PASSWORD("my-password") WHERE user='root';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
Ensure PHP-FPM is listening on the correct socket:
root@ubuntu:/# vi /etc/php/7.0/fpm/pool.d/www.conf # look for the listen directive listen = /run/php/php7.0-fpm.sock
Finally, let’s edit /etc/nginx/sites-available/default and tell Nginx to pass PHP requests along to PHP-FPM. I’m just using the default site and location (/var/www/html) here in the interest of getting this up and running quickly.
server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;
root /var/www/html;
# Add index.php to the list if you are using PHP
index index.php;
#index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html;
server_name _;
location / {
# First attempt to serve request as file, then
# as directory, then fall back to displaying a 404.
# setting up rewrite here for Drupal's clean_urls
try_files $uri @rewrite;
# $uri/ =404;
}
# define rewrite
location @rewrite {
rewrite ^ /index.php last;
}
#
location ~ .php$ {
include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
#
# # With php7.0-cgi alone:
# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
# With php7.0-fpm:
fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php7.0-fpm.sock;
}
}
Finally, chown your web directories (/var/www/html) so they’re accessible to the Debian/Ubuntu web user (www-data:www-data).
root@ubuntu:/# chown -hR www-data:www-data /var/www/html
Installation of Drupal 8
Follow the standard guidelines from Drupal.org. I typically use the Minimal install to start with a basic set of modules. If Drupal 8 reports any errors, you may need to install one or more additional extensions for your version of PHP.
The Twig C Extension reported on Drupal 8’s status page is not compatible with PHP 7, and may not be needed anyway. For now I wouldn’t worry about it.
For Drupal 8’s trusted_host settings, edit your site’s settings.php:
$settings['trusted_host_patterns'] = array( '^www.mysite.com$', '^www.mysite.org$' );
Installation of Redis
Now that Drupal is up and running, let’s install Redis and a PHP connector for it (we’re using the PhpRedis extension here):
root@ubuntu:/# apt-get install php-redis redis-server
You can start Redis manually by running redis-server, and if it’s daemonized (this is the default) it’ll run automatically on startup:
13515:M 21 Apr 13:06:50.023 # Server started, Redis version 3.0.6 13515:M 21 Apr 13:06:50.023 * The server is now ready to accept connections on port 6379
The Redis default settings are sufficient for our purposes, although the official documentation explains everything in detail.
Next, install and enable the Redis Drupal 8 module (currently in alpha, so watch for further changes), and add some directives to your site’s settings.php to tell Drupal to use Redis for caching instead of the Drupal cache tables:
$settings['redis.connection']['interface'] = 'PhpRedis'; $settings['redis.connection']['host'] = '127.0.0.1'; $settings['cache']['default'] = 'cache.backend.redis';
There’s no need to override the default hostname here unless you specified a Unix socket or you’re running the Redis server on a different machine. You can see Redis working by running the Redis monitor as you click around your Drupal site (/usr/bin/redis-cli).
1461263488.591916 [0 127.0.0.1:38376] "HGETALL" "9e7becd0db04b05520cc75f45400fd26:cache_menu:links:navigation:tree-data:en:9bd1605e2280833450478f9083b7f8714c2fa28f1012455e2744e5af1a13eec5" 1461263488.592534 [0 127.0.0.1:38376] "HGETALL" "9e7becd0db04b05520cc75f45400fd26:cache_menu:links:management:page:admin/people:e
So now you’re running Drupal 8 with a highly scalable web server, opcode caching, a key-value database store, and the high-performance Percona-XtraDB storage engine, on an Ubuntu 16.04 system supported by security updates until 2021.
root@ubuntu:/# netstat -ntlp Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1213/mysqld tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:6379 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1035/redis-server 1 tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1049/nginx -g daemo tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 924/sshd tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN 1049/nginx -g daemo tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 924/sshd
For SSL, particularly with Varnish added in, look here.
